‘And the Sun Stood Still’
Recently, many articles have emerged headlining new research from the University of Cambridge about one of the Bible’s remarkable miracles. The item of discussion is the event that occurred during Joshua’s day, when the “sun stood still” while the Israelites slaughtered fleeing enemy forces.
University researchers claim to have identified this event, down to the specific day it occurred. According to them, the event was in fact an eclipse that occurred on Oct. 30, 1207 b.c.e.
Their “revelation” may come as a surprise—particularly because the Hebrew text makes no indication of an eclipse. Here is the passage in question:
“Then spake Joshua to the Lord … and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still… And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies” (Joshua 10:12-13).
The interpretation of this event as an eclipse is not what immediately comes to mind—the original Hebrew gives no indication of it. Cambridge researchers, however, state that the Hebrew word for “stood still” has the same root as a Babylonian term used to describe eclipses.
Using the assumption that the scripture referred to an eclipse, researchers developed a new “eclipse code” and from their computations were able to identify only one eclipse that occurred between 1500 and 1050 b.c.e.—on Oct. 30, 1207 b.c.e. Scientists then point to the Merneptah Stele, an Egyptian artifact dating c. 1208 b.c.e., which makes the as-yet earliest confirmed reference to “Israel,” showing this find as evidence of Israel being on the scene around this time period.
What the Bible Says
Here is what the full text says. It is very clear:
“Then spake Joshua to the Lord in the day when the Lord delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel, Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Ajalon” (Joshua 10:12).
Leaving aside the phrase “stand still,” it is clear that the sun was directly over Gibeon, and the moon was directly over Ajalon. These are two very different locations. Notice the next verse:
“And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day. And there was no day like that before it or after it … (verses 13-14).
This is unequivocal language. This was not a brief eclipse—the sun and moon literally stopped moving (or rather, the earth stopped rotating) for about the length of an entire day. Whether or not one believes this miracle occurred, this is what the text says.
This was no “hiding” of the sun behind the moon. The sun remained visible for a prolonged period of time—it did “not go down.” As the context shows, Joshua saw the immense job of chasing and overcoming Israel’s fleeing enemies. So he asked that God would allow the sun to “stand still”—to keep shining—so that they could continue to crush their opponents. It only went down after Israel had wiped out the enemy. The whole point of Joshua’s request was that the sun would continue to make Israel’s enemies visible! The risk was that the enemies would be able to escape under the cover of night.
Thus, the text shows the complete opposite intent of the sun being “hidden” behind an eclipse. Other factors make clear that an eclipse would be impossible here—notably the fact that this event immensely elongated the day—and that “there was no day like that before it or after it.”
The only “evidence” given for an eclipse is that the Hebrew word for “stood still” looks similar to a Babylonian word used in describing eclipses.
This is the case of a single word being misinterpreted to extrapolate out a completely opposite situation. It is similar to other attempts to explain away biblical miracles. The biblical text, though, is quite clear. You either believe it, or you don’t.
The Merneptah Stele (which the researchers pointed to) even shows that Joshua’s battle could not have taken place in 1207. The Stele, dating to a year or two earlier, shows that Israel was an already well-established and recognized nation-state. This couldn’t have been the case if, as the researchers claim, Joshua and the Israelites had only barely begun fighting their way through the Promised Land.
The fact that a date in the early 1200s b.c.e. was accepted by the researchers for Joshua’s conquests exposes biblical minimalism. Biblical chronology is very clear that the Israelites would have had to enter the Promised Land just before 1400 b.c.e.—around 200 years earlier (see a full explanation for this here). Scholars, however, state that a great deal of destruction hasn’t been uncovered for that time period, so they point to other destruction layers, from the 1200s b.c.e., and point to this—200 years later—as having been the century of the conquests of Canaan.
This is a deeply flawed assumption, because it ignores the fact that the Bible corroborates the massive upheavals during the 1200s b.c.e.—these occurred right in the thick of the tumultuous and bloody Judges period. And it overlooks archaeological evidence—material and textual—that does exist for massive upheaval and conflict following the traditional conquest time of c. 1400 b.c.e. onward.
There is nothing to suggest that the event of Joshua’s day was an eclipse: wrong textual interpretation, wrong century. If this eclipse of 1207 b.c.e. doesn’t relate to Joshua’s time period, is there anything that does? Is there any evidence for this miraculously long day?
Accounts of a Long Day
This kind of astronomical event, if it had happened, must have been witnessed around the world. While incredibly difficult to corroborate, there are various ancient legends of an incredibly long “day” or “night” from numerous cultures. Harry Rimmer briefly summarized some of them:
In the ancient Chinese writings there is a legend of a long day. The Incas of Peru and the Aztecs of Mexico have a like record, and there is a Babylonian and a Persian legend of a day that was miraculously extended. Another section of China contributes an account of the day that was miraculously prolonged, in the reign of Emperor Yeo. Herodotus recounts that the priests of Egypt showed him their temple records, and that there he read a strange account of a day that was twice the natural length.
Going through the numerous parallel records of an extended day is another study. They are, as yet, difficult to corroborate through archaeology. But we can speak for a known massive upheaval in Canaan dating to the time of Joshua’s conquests. The background for this battle has been well illustrated through a collection of tablets known as the Amarna Letters.
The Amarna Letters
As stated above, it was not until just prior to 1400 b.c.e. that the Israelites began to enter the land of Canaan. Many years progressed as they moved through and gradually conquered the land.
We find some desperate correspondence from Canaanite rulers to the pharaoh of Egypt dating to the 14th century b.c.e. These documents are called the “Amarna Letters” because they were found stored within the Egyptian city of the same name.
The letters describe a fierce group of “nomads” invading Canaan, by the name Habiru(sometimes called ‘Apiru or Hapiru). Terrified Canaanite rulers, subservient to Egypt, were watching as the entire land of Canaan fell to these invaders. The Canaanite ruler of Jerusalem (one of the last places to fall to the Israelites), wrote regarding the Habiru invasion: “Lost are the territories of the [pharaoh]. Do you not hear to me? All the rulers are lost; the king, my lord, does not have a single ruler left.” This letter is just one of dozens referencing the onslaught from the Habiru. (Nearly 400 Amarna tablets have been found; most are from Canaan.)
The terms Habiru, Hapiru and ‘Apiru are similar to the term Hebrew. In fact, at this point in the Bible story, the term Hebrew is used far more than the term Israelite. History records the Habiru’s presence around Canaanite lands, in some form or other, as early as c. 1800 b.c.e.—this matches up with the Hebrew presence in the land before the sojourn in Egypt. At the start of the 14th century b.c.e., the pleas of the Canaanite kings fell on deaf Egyptian ears and their territories were gradually overrun. A very different land appeared several hundred years later—one archaeology (in particular, the Merneptah Stele) shows was populated with Israelites.
Many scholars attempt to discredit any Habiru connection with the Hebrews, stating that they were probably just bands of marauders and thieves. Yet their significance cannot be downplayed. The Amarna Letters are eyewitness accounts of Habiru invaders taking over entire lands and conquering Canaanite cities en masse. Their description, as per the Amarna Letters, is not one of mere pesky raiders. They tore through the Promised Land to the point that the king of Jerusalem believed he was the only one left—and all this at exactly the same time period the Bible states the Hebrews were on the scene invading Canaan. The parallels are too stark to discount.
Joshua vs. Amorite Kings: Archaeology
While the content of these letters established a good overall picture of Joshua’s conquests, what specific evidence can be attributed to this event where the sun stood still?
First, the Amarna Letters (along with other archaeological discoveries) reveal the presence of a number of places from this biblical battle. They show evidence of the cities belonging to the belligerent kings: Jerusalem, Lachish (Lakisha), Jarmuth (Iaramuti), and Hebron. They mention Ajalon (Ayyaluna)—the valley over which the moon “stood still.” The Bible lists the belligerents as being part of the “Amorite” kingdom—archaeology has confirmed this assessment, showing the wider “Amurru” kingdom as having reigned throughout these lands of Canaan. We also see a possible identification of the Caves of Makkedah, where the fleeing kings were trapped before being executed. We see even the kings’ public humiliation corroborated through archaeology—Joshua ordered his men to stand on the necks of the kings before killing them (Joshua 10:24). This ancient practice of humiliating a conquered king is depicted and well attested to through archaeology.
A later Amarna letter states that the Habiru killed the king of Lachish and had control over his city—the Bible records that the king of Lachish was one of the kings killed on the day that the sun stood still. The Amarna Letters also confirm that the city of Gezer fell to the Habiru—just as the Bible says occurred directly after Joshua had battled these Amorite kings.
So while we can’t point to a direct day or specific year when this battle took place, there is archaeological support for it. The cities and geographical locations have been found. The presence of a powerful force of Habiru invading throughout wider Canaan has been shown. There is an abundance of archaeological support for this story—and as yet, no archaeological discoveries that disprove it. The same is true for other stories of Joshua’s conquests, such as the miraculous fall of Jericho and Hazor.
If we can learn one thing from the University of Cambridge research, it is that the miracle of Joshua’s day wasn’t an eclipse. Their eclipse-computer model confirmed as much. For at least the past 100 years, some scholars have been of the opinion that the day the “sun stood still” was merely a day of an eclipse. Unwittingly, the university researchers proved this false by showing that there was no eclipse occurring during the 15th to 14th century b.c.e., when Joshua would have been on the scene. In fact, there wouldn’t be one for another 200 years after his time.
Prof. Carl Ehrlick correctly noted that “the overwhelming consensus of modern scholarship is that the conquest tradition of Joshua is a pious fiction.” Despite the sanctity of “modern scholarship” though—just judging by the evidence on the ground—I’d have to strongly disagree.